Fig. 3

Three-dimensional models of cylinders with plant material properties. The forces applied in all models are as represented by the white arrows in (a). Constraint in all models was applied to the right end. Models have diameters of (a) 4 mm; (b) 8 mm; (c) 12 mm; (d) 24 mm. Models are not to scale. The white area in (a) indicates failure of the material. Dark areas in (c) and (d) indicate low von Mises (VM) stresses. Scale in Megapascals (MPa)