Table 1 Referred specimens of 11 fossil and 83 extant ruminant mandibles used for RWA. The feeding categories and the body mass are provided according to the literature, excepted for Gelocus villebramarensis for which body mass is calculated with the method of Legendre (1989). (f), fossil; (e), extant; (Sb), selective browser; (Fl), folivore; (Mx), mixed feeder; (Gr), grazer. Confident feeding categories of Gelocus villebramarensis, Dorcatherium naui, and Leptomeryx evansi are unknown in the literature. However, based on their bunoselenodont molars, we consider that these three taxa likely were selective browsers (Sb ?)
Ruminantia species | Family | Housing institution | n | Diet | Body mass (kg) | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pecora | ||||||
Alces alces (e) | Cervidae | CI R-584-20 | 1 | Fl | 500–600 | |
Bison antiquus (f) | Bovidae | ANSP 12976 | 1 | Gr | 500–700 | |
Bos taurus (e) | Bovidae | – | 2 | Mx | 300 | Janis (1986, personal communication), Anne-Sophie Vernon |
Capreolus capreolus (e) | Cervidae | MHNF | 4 | Fl | 25 | |
Cephalophus natalensis (e) | Bovidae | NMB | 1 | Sb | 12–14 | Gagnon and Chew (2000) |
Cephalophus silvicultor (e) | Bovidae | NMB | 3 | Sb | 43–80 | Gagnon and Chew (2000) |
Cephalophus zebra (e) | Bovidae | NMB | 2 | Sb | 15–20 | Gagnon and Chew (2000) |
Dicrocerus elegans (f) | Cervidae | – | 1 | Fl | 50 | Heizmann et al. (1996), Kaiser and Rössner (2007), Costeur and Legendre (2008) |
Dremotherium feignouxi (f) | Moschidae | NMB MA | 1 | Fl | 15 | Prothero (2007, personal communication) Florent Hiard |
Dremotherium guthi (f) | Moschidae | IPHEP LM.1968 MA.1 | 1 | Fl | 11–16 | |
Gazella gazella (e) | Bovidae | NMB | 4 | Mx | 15–20 | Gagnon and Chew (2000) |
Gazella dorcas (e) | Bovidae | NMB | 4 | Mx | 15–23 | |
Gazella soemmeringi (e) | Bovidae | NMB | 1 | Mx | 35–46 | Gagnon and Chew (2000) |
Gazella subgutturosa (e) | Bovidae | NMB | 2 | Mx | 20–43 | Kingswood and Blank (1996) |
Gazella thomsoni (e) | Bovidae | NMB | 1 | Mx | 17–30 | |
Gelocus villebramarensis (f) | Gelocidae | IPHEP Vil.1970-121 | 1 | Sb ? | 7 | Brunet and Jehenne (1976), this study |
Hydropotes inermis (e) | Cervidae | NMB | 7 | Mx | 8–12 | |
Madoqua saltiana (e) | Bovidae | NMB | 1 | Fl | 3–4 | Gagnon and Chew (2000) |
Mazama nemorivaga (e) | Cervidae | – | 1 | Sb | 8–30 | |
Moschus moschiferus (e) | Moschidae | NMB | 5 | Fl | 4–12 | |
Muntiacus muntjak (e) | Cervidae | NMB | 6 | Fl | 7–12 | Gordon and Illius (1988) |
Neotragus moschatus (e) | Bovidae | NMB | 1 | Fl | 4–9 | Gagnon and Chew (2000) |
Odocoileus virginamus (e) | Cervidae | NMB | 3 | Fl | 45–65 | |
Oreotragus oreotragus (e) | Bovidae | NMB | 3 | Mx | 5–16 | |
Ourebia ourebi (e) | Bovidae | NMB | 3 | Gr | 8–21 | Gagnon and Chew (2000) |
Procervulus dichotomus (f) | Cervidae | BSP 1979 XV 555 | 1 | Mx | 20 | |
Puda puda (e) | Cervidae | NMB | 1 | Sb | 10 | Eisenberg (2000) |
Raphicerus melanotis (e) | Bovidae | NMB | 1 | Mx | 9–11 | |
Saiga tatarica (e) | Bovidae | NMB | 2 | Gr | 35 | |
Sylvacapra grimmia (e) | Bovidae | NMB | 2 | Fl | 11–26 | |
Tragulina | ||||||
Bachitherium cf. curtum (f) | Bachitheriidae | NMB Qu.B.63 | 1 | Sb | 7–8 | |
Dorcatherium naui (f) | Tragulidae | – | 1 | Sb ? | 32 | Gentry et al. (1999), Rössner (2007), Costeur and Legendre (2008) |
Hyemoschus aquaticus (e) | Tragulidae | NMB | 2 | Sb | 12 | |
Iberomeryx minor (f) | Tragulidae | NMB Sc.118 | 1 | Sb | 3–4 | Martinez and Sudre (1995), this study |
Leptomeryx evansi (f) | Leptomerycidae | AMNH 11870 | 1 | Sb ? | 3 | |
Moschiola meminna (e) | Tragulidae | NMB | 4 | Sb | 5 | |
Nanotragulus loomsi (f) | Hypertragulidae | AMNH 31525 | 1 | Sb | 3 | |
Tragulus javanicus (e) | Tragulidae | NMB | 12 | Sb | 1–4 | |
Tragulus kanchil (e) | Tragulidae | NMB | 3 | Sb | 4 | Meijaard and Sheil (2007) |
Tragulus napu (e) | Tragulidae | NMB | 1 | Sb | 2 | Meijaard and Sheil (2007) |