Table 1 Summary of defining characteristics of the 12 lithofacies distinguished in this study
Facies no. | Name | Sedimentary structures | Componentsa | Bioturbation | Bed thickness and sorting | Interpretation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Laminated dolomudstone | Parallel–wavy mm-scale laminations, wave-ripple laminations, chert nodules, sulphate nodules, flat-pebble conglomerates | Peloids (c), lithoclasts (u) | None | Centimetre thick beds; good sorting | Microbial laminates in an intertidal environment |
2 | Pelitic dolowackestone–packstone | Wavy laminations, sulphate nodules, massive bedding | Peloids (a), molluscs (c), lithoclasts (c) | None–moderate | Decimetre–several meter thick beds; poor sorting | Sheltered peritidal deposits |
3 | Massive–nodular (dolo)mudstone | Massive and nodular bedding, chicken-wire textures, evaporite nodules, breccias, faint laminations, marly sheets | Lithoclasts (c), skeletal debris (r), peloids (r), crinoids (r) | None–intense | Decimetre–several meter thick beds; good sorting | Low-energy subtidal lagoonal deposits |
4 | Lithoclastic dolowackestone–packstone | Normal grading, erosive sole | Black pebbles (c), lithoclasts (c), molluscs (c), peloids (c), bones (r) | Light | Centimetre–decimetre thick beds; poor sorting | Channel or event deposits in the subtidal lagoon environment |
5 | Bioclastic (dolo)wackestone–packstone | Poorly defined beds, mm–cm erosive scours | Bivalves (a), peloids (a), brachiopods (c), lithoclasts (c), bones (r) | Light, bored lithoclasts | Centimetre–decimetre thick beds, poor–moderate sorting | Shoal spillover lobes into the backshoal lagoon |
6 | Oolitic (dolo)wackestone–grainstone | Poorly defined beds, cross-bedding, horizontal laminations | Ooids (a), peloids (c), molluscs (c), lithoclasts (u) | None–light | Centimetre–decimetre thick beds, poor–moderate sorting | Ooid shoal complexes |
7 | Oncolitic (dolo)wackestone–packstone | Laminations created by horizontally aligned oncoids, erosive sole | Oncoids (a), ooids (a), molluscs (c), lithoclasts (c) | None | Centimetre–decimetre thick beds, well sorted | Oncolitic channel-fills |
8 | Bioclastic (dolo)packstone–grainstone | Horizontal laminations, normal grading, erosive sole, mouldic porosity | Shell debris (a), lithoclasts (c) | None | Centimetre–decimetre thick beds; moderate–good sorting | Proximal shoal spillover lobes |
9 | Shelly packstone–grainstone | Low-angle laminations, erosive scours, amalgamated bedding | Micritized shell debris (a), brachiopods (c), glauconite (c), crinoids (u), ooids (u), forams (r), crinoids (r), gastropods (r) | None | Decimetre-thick beds, sometimes amalgamated; good sorting | Shell dominated shoal bodies |
10 | Scoured skeletal wackestone–packstone | Planar/low-angle laminations, normal grading, hummocky-cross stratification, mm-cm erosive scours | Shell debris (a), crinoids (a), gastropods (c), intraclasts (c), forams (u), peloids (u) | None–light | Centimetre–decimetre thick beds; poor–moderate sorting | Tempestites |
11 | Laminated mudstone–wackestone | Planar laminations, mm-thick lag deposits, marly laminations | Crinoids (u) | None | Centimetre thick beds; good sorting | Distal tempestites |
12 | Crinoid dominated wackestone–packstone | Massive and nodular bedding | Crinoids (a), gastropods (a), peloids (c), intraclasts (u) | Moderate–intense | Centimetre–decimetre thick beds; poorly sorted | Crinoidal bioherm |