Influence of rheologically weak layers on fault architecture: insights from analogue models in the context of the Northern Alpine Foreland Basin

Swiss Journal of Geosciences

Table 2 Properties of kinetic sand

Material	Kinetic sand^a
Grain size (ø)	150 μm (mean)
Weight mixing ratio (granular / PDMS)	98 / 2
Grain density (ρ_specific)	ca. 2650 kg/m³
Density (bulk) (ρ_bulk)	ca. 1600 kg/m³
Rheology	“Brittle-viscous”
Internal peak friction angle (φ_p)	31.0°
Dynamic-stable friction angle (φ_p)	29.2°
Reactivation friction angle (φ_p)	30.5°
Cohesion (C)	251 ± 325 Pa

^aProperties after Katz et al. (2014) and Mayolle et al. (2021), and from new ring-shear tests done at GFZ Potsdam. Kinetic sand is a brittle-viscous material, but considered to be dominated by brittle component of its rheology since standard rheometer tests for viscous material testing (e.g. Rudolf et al. 2016) were not possible due to the material’s limited capacity to flow. Bulk density measured in Bern.